How bread dough gave rise to civilisation

An international study has explained how bread wheat helped to transform the ancient world on its path to becoming the iconic crop that still sustains our population.

The secret of bread wheat’s success, according to the research by institutes that make up the Open Wild Wheat Consortium (OWWC), lies in the genetic diversity of a wild grass called Aegilops tauschii.

Bread wheat is a hybrid between three wild grasses containing three genomes, (A, B and D) within one complex plant.

Aegilops tauschii, an otherwise inconspicuous weed, provided bread wheat’s D genome when it crossed with early cultivated pasta wheat in the Fertile Crescent sometime between eight and 11 thousand years ago.

The chance hybridisation on the banks of the southern Caspian Sea spawned an agricultural revolution. Cultivation of bread wheat rapidly spread across a wide new range of climates and soils as farmers enthusiastically adopted this dynamic new crop, with its high gluten content that creates an airier elasticated bread making dough.

Wheat around the world

This rapid geographical advance has puzzled wheat researchers. There is no wild bread wheat: and the kind of hybridisation event that added the new D genome to wheat’s existing A and B genomes created a genetic bottleneck, whereby the new species had a much-reduced genetic diversity compared to its surrounding wild grasses.

This bottleneck effect, coupled with the fact that wheat is an in-breeding species — meaning it is self-pollinating — would suggest that bread wheat might struggle outside its Fertile Crescent origins. So how did it become well-travelled and widely adopted across the region?

In solving this conundrum, the international collaboration assembled a diversity panel of 493 unique accessions spanning the geographical range of Aegilops tauschii from north-western Turkey to eastern China.

From this panel the researchers selected 46 accessions reflecting the species traits and genetic diversity, to create a pangenome, a high-quality genetic map of Aegilops tauschii.

Using this map, they scanned 80,000 bread wheat landraces — locally adapted varieties — held by CIMMYT and collected from around the world.

The findings are anything but stale

This data showed that around 75% of the bread wheat D genome is derived from the lineage (L2) of Aegilops tauschii which originates from the southern Caspian Sea. The remaining 25% of its genetic make-up is derived from lineages across its range.

Professor Simon Krattinger, lead author of the study, said: “This 25% influx of genetic material from other lineages of tauschii has contributed and defined the success of bread wheat.”

“Without the genetic viability that this diversity brings, we would most likely not eat bread on the scale we do today. Otherwise, bread wheat today would be a regional crop — important to the Middle East but I doubt that it would have become globally dominant without this plasticity that enabled bread wheat to adapt.”

A previous study by OWWC revealed the existence of a distinct lineage of Aegilops tauschii geographically restricted to present day Georgia in the Caucasus region 500 kilometres from the Fertile Crescent. This Aegilops tauschii lineage (L3) is significant because it has provided bread wheat with the best-known gene for dough quality.

In this study the researchers hypothesised that if this were an historic introgression, akin to a Neanderthal genetic footprint in the human genome, they would find landraces in the CIMMYT collections that had a higher proportion of it.

Data analysis showed that CIMMYT wheat landraces collected from the Georgian region contained 7% L3 introgressions in the genome, seven times more than that of bread wheat landraces collected from the Fertile Crescent.

“We used the L3 tauschii accessions as a guinea pig to track and trace the hybridisations using 80,000 bread wheat landraces,” said Krattinger. 

“The data beautifully supports a picture where bread wheat emerges in the southern Caspian, then with migration and agricultural expansion it reached Georgia and here with gene flow and hybridisations with the peculiar, genetically distinct and geographically restricted L3 accessions it resulted in the influx of new genetic material.”

“This is one of the novel aspects of our study and it confirms that using our new resources we can trace the dynamics of these introgressions in bread wheat.”

In addition to solving this age-old biological mystery, the new Aegilops tauschii open source pangenome and germplasm made available by the OWWC are being used by researchers and breeders worldwide to discover new disease resistance genes that will protect wheat crops against age-old agricultural plagues like wheat rust. They can also mine this wild grass species for climate resilient genes which can be bred into elite wheat cultivars.

Researchers at the John Innes Centre worked closely with colleagues from KAUST using bioinformatic approaches to track levels of DNA contributed to bread wheat by the L3 lineage of Aegilops tauschii.

Read the full findings here.

Image credit: iStock.com/eclipse_images