Public health improvements through the genomic pinpointing of foodborne pathogens

The ability to detect outbreaks of foodborne illness and determine their sources has become a top public health priority. Now, a new genomic approach may enable scientists to uncover smaller as well as large outbreaks and to identify the temporal, geographical and evolutionary origin of outbreaks.

According to Cornell University food science professor Martin Wiedmann [Oct. 14 online journal - Applied and Environmental Microbiology], scientists at government agencies and food companies will soon be able to pinpoint the exact nature and origin of foodborne bacteria with unprecedented accuracy.

The standard method of tracing foodborne illness involves breaking up the DNA of bacteria samples into smaller pieces and analysing their banding patterns.

The genomic approach

But scientists often find that different strains of bacteria have common DNA fingerprints that are too genetically similar to be able to differentiate between them, making it difficult to establish whether the Salmonella that made one person sick was the same Salmonella that infected another person. This was the case in a Salmonella outbreak linked to salami made with contaminated black and red pepper in the US that included 272 cases in 44 states between July 2009 and April 2010.

To surmount this challenge, Wiedmann and his team adopted a genomic approach.

By sequencing the genome of 47 samples of the bacteria - 20 that had been collected from human sources during the outbreak and 27 control samples collected from human, food, animal and environmental sources before the outbreak - Wiedmann and his team were able to rapidly discriminate between outbreak-related cases and non-outbreak-related cases, isolating four samples believed to be connected to the pepper contamination.

In the process of doing so, he also found other links: a Salmonella strain that led to a nationwide recall of pistachio nuts in 2009 turned up in samples from four people - only one of whom had reported eating pistachios.

Other connected cases suggested smaller outbreaks of which officials had been previously unaware.

"The use of genome sequencing methods to investigate outbreaks of foodborne bacterial diseases is relatively new and holds great promise as it can help to identify the temporal, geographical and evolutionary origin of an outbreak," Wiedmann said. "In particular, full genome sequence data may help to identify small outbreaks that may not be easily detected with lower resolution subtyping approaches."

Wiedmann, research associate Henk den Bakker and other lab members developed the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) test that is specific to the 2009 pepper-associated outbreak with the help of researchers at Life Technologies Corp. They also collaborated with researchers at Washington State University and departments of health in New York City and New York state.

A similar approach has previously been used in hospital settings to trace pathogenic bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, but this is its first application for foodborne illness.

Wiedmann said he is continuing to perfect the method and use it to test other types of bacteria. The US Food and Drug Administration and other agencies are also starting to use similar approaches.