Meaty mould: could it be the smart food of the future?

Advances in genetic engineering are allowing scientists to harness microorganisms to produce food that is healthy for consumers and healthier for the environment.

One of the most promising sources of innovative foods is fungi — a diverse kingdom of organisms that naturally produce a range of tasty and nutritious proteins, fats, antioxidants and flavour molecules. Chef-turned-bioengineer Vayu Hill-Maini, an affiliate in the Biosciences Area at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), is exploring the many possibilities for new flavours and textures that can be made from modifying the genes already present in fungi.

“I think it’s a fundamental aspect of synthetic biology that we’re benefiting from organisms that have evolved to be really good at certain things,” said Hill-Maini, who is a postdoctoral researcher at UC Berkeley in the lab of bioengineering expert Jay Keasling. “What we’re trying to do is to look at what is the fungus making and try to kind of unlock and enhance it. And I think that’s an important angle that we don’t need to introduce genes from wildly different species. We’re investigating how we can stitch things together and unlock what’s already there.”

In their recent paper, published on 14 March in Nature Communications, Hill-Maini and colleagues at UC Berkeley, the Joint BioEnergy Institute, and the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability studied a multicellular fungus called Aspergillus oryzae, also known as koji mould, that has been used in East Asia to ferment starches into sake, soy sauce and miso for centuries. First, the team used CRISPR-Cas9 to develop a gene editing system that can make consistent and reproducible changes to the koji mould genome. Once they had established a toolkit of edits, they applied their system to make modifications that elevate the mould as a food source. First, Hill-Maini focused on boosting the mould’s production of heme — an iron-based molecule that is found in many lifeforms but is most abundant in animal tissue, giving meat its colour and distinctive flavour. (A synthetically produced plant-derived heme is used in some alt-meats on the market.) Next, the team punched up production of ergothioneine, an antioxidant only found in fungi that is associated with cardiovascular health benefits.

After these changes, the once-white fungi grew red. With minimal preparation — removing excess water and grinding — the harvested fungi could be shaped into a patty, then fried into a tempting-looking burger.

The small koji mould patty after frying.  Image credit: Vayu Hill-Maini.

Hill-Maini’s next objective is to make the fungi even more appealing by tuning the genes that control the mould’s texture.

“We think that there’s a lot of room to explore texture by varying the fibre-like morphology of the cells. So, we might be able to program the structure of the lot fibres to be longer which would give a more meat-like experience. And then we can think about boosting lipid composition for mouth feel and further nutrition,” said Hill-Maini, who was a Fellow of the Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science at UC Berkeley during the study.

“I’m really excited about how can we further look at the fungus and, you know, tinker with its structure and metabolism for food.”

Though this work is just at the beginning stage of tapping into fungal genomes to create new foods, it shows the potential of these organisms to serve as easy-to-grow protein sources that can avoid the complex ingredients lists of current meat substitutes and the cost barriers and technical difficulties hindering the launch of cultured meat.

Despite humanity’s long history of domesticating fungi to eat directly or to make staples like miso, multicellular fungi have not yet been harnessed as engineered cellular factories to the same extent because their genomes are far more complex, and have adaptations that make gene editing a challenge. The CRISPR-Cas9 toolkit developed in this paper lays the foundation to easily edit koji mould and its many relatives.

“These organisms have been used for centuries to produce food, and they are incredibly efficient at converting carbon into a wide variety of complex molecules, including many that would be almost impossible to produce using a classic host like brewer’s yeast or E. coli,” said Keasling, who is a senior scientist at Berkeley Lab and a professor at UC Berkeley.

“By unlocking koji mould through the development of these tools, we are unlocking the potential of a huge new group of hosts that we can use to make foods, valuable chemicals, energy-dense biofuels and medicines. It’s a thrilling new avenue for biomanufacturing.”

Given his culinary background, Hill-Maini is keen to ensure that the next generation of fungi-based products are not only palatable, but truly desirable to customers, including those with sophisticated tastes.

What about dessert?

In a separate study, Hill-Maini and Keasling collaborated with chefs at Alchemist, a two-Michelin-starred restaurant in Copenhagen, to play with the culinary potential of another multicellular fungus, Neurospora intermedia.

This fungus is traditionally used in Indonesia to produce a staple food called oncom by fermenting the waste products left over from making other foods, such as tofu.

Intrigued by its ability to convert leftovers into a protein-rich food, the scientists and chefs studied the fungus in the Alchemist test kitchen.

They discovered N. intermedia produces and excretes many enzymes as it grows. When grown on starchy rice, the fungi produce an enzyme that liquefies the rice and makes it intensely sweet.

“We developed a process with just three ingredients — rice, water, and fungus — to make a beautiful, striking orange-coloured porridge,” Hill-Maini said.

“That became a new dish on the tasting menu that utilises fungal chemistry and colour in a dessert. And I think that what it really shows is that there’s opportunity to bridge the laboratory and the kitchen.”

Top image caption: A gene-edited fungal culture from Vayu Hill-Maini's research, seen on a dinner plate. Image credit: Marilyn Sargent/Berkeley Lab.